定語(yǔ)從句中的that和which的區(qū)別定語(yǔ)從句中that和which的區(qū)別？

定語(yǔ)從句中的that和which的區(qū)別定語(yǔ)從句中that和which的區(qū)別

定語(yǔ)從句中的that和which的區(qū)別為：意思不同、用法不同、側(cè)重點(diǎn)不同。

一、意思不同

1、that：(指較遠(yuǎn)的人或事物)那，那個(gè)。

2、which：哪一個(gè)，哪一些，(明確所指的事物)…的那個(gè)。

二、用法不同

1、that：that用作關(guān)系代詞時(shí)在下列情況下可以省略：引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句在從句中用作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，用在there be結(jié)構(gòu)前作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，用作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，在定語(yǔ)從句與先行詞之間有插入語(yǔ)時(shí)。

2、which：which用作疑問(wèn)代詞時(shí)，在特殊疑問(wèn)句中用作賓語(yǔ)或主語(yǔ)。which用作關(guān)系代詞，可引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句或非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)which可以用整個(gè)主句作為其前行詞，相當(dāng)于and that，有時(shí)還可引導(dǎo)不定式短語(yǔ)從句。

三、側(cè)重點(diǎn)不同

1、that：先行詞是序數(shù)詞時(shí)或被序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)，不宜用which。

2、which：當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞的前面有介詞時(shí)，不宜用that。

一.定語(yǔ)從句及相關(guān)術(shù)語(yǔ)
1.定語(yǔ)從句：修飾一個(gè)名詞或代詞的從句稱(chēng)為定語(yǔ)從句，一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞后面。
2.關(guān)系詞：引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞成為關(guān)系詞
關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系代詞有that, which, who, whom, whose, as 等；
關(guān)系副詞有where, when, why等。
關(guān)系詞常有3個(gè)作用：1，引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。2，代替先行詞。3，在定語(yǔ)從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一個(gè)成分。

二.關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
1.who指人，在從句中做主語(yǔ)
(1) The boys who are playing football are from Class One.
(2) Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.
2. whom指人，在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)，常可省略。
(1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus.
(2) Mr. Ling is just the boy whom I want to see.
注意：關(guān)系代詞whom在口語(yǔ)和非正式語(yǔ)體中常用who代替，可省略。
(3) The man who/whom you met just now is my friend.
3. which指物，在定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)或者賓語(yǔ)，做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略
(1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys.
(2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.
4. that指人時(shí)，相當(dāng)于who 或者whom；指物時(shí)，相當(dāng)于which。在賓語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)或者賓語(yǔ)，做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略。
(5) The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million.
(6) Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning?
5. whose通常指人，也可指物，在定語(yǔ)從句中做定語(yǔ)
(1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor.
(2) I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.
whose指物時(shí)，常用以下結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)代替
(3) The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.
(4) The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.
(5) Do you like the book whose cover is yellow?
(6) Do you like the book the color of which is yellow?

三.介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中做介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句常由介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)
(1) The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous.
(2) The school in which he once studied is very famous.
(3) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (that/which) you asked for.
(4) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you asked.
(5) We'll go to hear the famous singer (whom/that/who) we have often talked about.
(6) We'll go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.

注意：1. 含有介詞的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)一般不拆開(kāi)使用，如：look for, look after, take care of等
(1) This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T)
(2) This is the watch for which I am looking. (F)
2. 若介詞放在關(guān)系代詞前，關(guān)系代詞指人時(shí)用whom，不可用who或者that；指物時(shí)用which，不能用that；關(guān)系代詞是所有格時(shí)用whose
(1) The man with whom you talked is my friend. (T)
(2) The man who/that you talked with is my friend. (F)
(3) The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. (T)
(4) The plane in that we flew in to Canada is very comfortable. (F)
3.“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代詞或者數(shù)詞
(1) He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.
(2) In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.
(3) There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.

四．關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
1. when指時(shí)間，在定語(yǔ)從句中做時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)
(1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school.
(2) The time when we got together finally came.
2. where指地點(diǎn)，在定語(yǔ)從句中做地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)
(1) Shanghai is the city where I was born.
(2) The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.
3. why指原因，在定語(yǔ)從句中做原因狀語(yǔ)
(1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.
(2) I don't know the reason why he looks unhappy today.
注意：關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的從句可以由“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的從句替換
(1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear,
(2) From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.
(3) Great changes have taken place in the city in which/where I was born.
五．限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句

限制性定語(yǔ)從句舉例：
(1) The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on.
(2) China is a country which has a long history.
非限制性定語(yǔ)從句舉例：
(1) His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him.
(2) China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful.
要注意區(qū)分以下幾個(gè)句子的不同
(1) His brother who is now a doctor always encourages him to go to college.
他那當(dāng)醫(yī)生的哥哥常鼓勵(lì)他要考上大學(xué)。（他還有其他的哥哥）
(2) His brother, who is now a doctor, always encourages him to go to college.
他的哥哥是當(dāng)醫(yī)生的，常鼓勵(lì)他要考上大學(xué)。（他只有一個(gè)哥哥）

難點(diǎn)分析
（一）限制性定語(yǔ)從句只能用that 的幾種情況
1．當(dāng)先行詞是anything, everything, nothing (something 除外), few, all, none, little, some 等代詞時(shí)，或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much 等修飾時(shí)
(1) Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li has said?
(2) There seems to be nothing that seems impossible for him in the world.
(3) All that can be done has been done.
(4) There is little that I can do for you.
注意：當(dāng)先行詞指人時(shí)，偶爾也可以用who
(4) Any man that/.who has a sense of duty won't do such a thing.
2. 當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞修飾
(1) The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.
3. 當(dāng)先行詞被形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)
(1) This is the best film that I have seen.
4. 當(dāng)形容詞被the very, the only修飾時(shí)
(1) This is the very dictionary that I want to buy,
(2) After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owned.
當(dāng)先行詞指人時(shí)，偶爾也可以用who
(3) Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting/
5. 當(dāng)先行詞前面有who, which等疑問(wèn)代詞時(shí)
(1) Who is the man that is standing there?
(2) Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?
6. 當(dāng)先行詞既有人，也有動(dòng)物或者物體時(shí)
(1) Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned?

（二）關(guān)系代詞as和which 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
as和which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，有相同之處也有不同之處。具體情況是：
1．As和which都可以在定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)或者賓語(yǔ)，代表前面整個(gè)句子。
(1) He married her, as/which was natural.
(2) He was honest, as/which we can see.
2. as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以切割一個(gè)主句；which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句只能放在主句之后。另外，as有“正如……，正像……”的意思
(1) As is known to all, China is a developing country.
(2) He is from the south, as we can see from his accent.
(3) John, as you know, is a famous writer.
(4) He has been to Paris more than several times, which I don't believe.
注意：當(dāng)主句和從句存在邏輯上的因果關(guān)系時(shí)，常用which
(5) Tom was always late for school, which made his teacher angry.
3. 當(dāng)先行次受such, the same修飾時(shí)，常用as
(1) I have never heard such a story as he tells.
(2) He is not such a fool as he looks.
(3) This is the same book as I lost last week.
注意：當(dāng)先行次由the same修飾時(shí)，偶爾也用that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，但是和由as 所引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句意思不同
(4) She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary's wedding.
她穿著她在Mary婚禮上穿過(guò)的一條裙子。
(5) She wore the same dress as her young sister wore.
她穿著和她妹妹所穿的一樣的裙子。

（三）以the way為先行詞的定語(yǔ)從句通常由in which, that引導(dǎo)，而且通常可以省略。
(1) The way in which/ that/./ he answered the question was surprising.

(四) but 有時(shí)也可以做關(guān)系詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句
(1) There are very few but understand his idea. ( but= who don't )

(五)區(qū)分定語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句
1．定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞，它和先行詞是修飾關(guān)系；同位語(yǔ)從句說(shuō)明先行詞的具體內(nèi)容，是補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明的關(guān)系
(1) The plane that has just taken off is for London. 定語(yǔ)從句
(2) The fact that he has been dead is clear. 同位于從句
2．定語(yǔ)從句由關(guān)系代詞或者關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)，關(guān)系詞在句中充當(dāng)成分，有時(shí)可以省略；同位語(yǔ)從句主要由that引導(dǎo)，在句中一般不做成分；句子也可以由when, where, how, why, whether, what等詞引導(dǎo)，充當(dāng)成分
(1) The news he told me is true.
(2) The news that he has just died is true.
(3) The problem that we are facing now is how we can collect so much money. 定語(yǔ)
(4) The problem how we can collect so much money is difficult to solve.
3. 同位語(yǔ)從句和先行詞一般可以用be動(dòng)詞發(fā)展成一個(gè)完整的句子，而定語(yǔ)從句不可以
(1) The idea that we could ask the teacher for advice is wonderful.
(2) The idea was that we could ask the teacher for advice.
(3) The fact that the earth moves around the earth is known to all. 同位語(yǔ)
(4) The fact is that the earth moves around the earth.

which和that的區(qū)別：
1只用which,不用that的情況。
1)which可用在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中。例如：
The project,which lasted four years,cost one billion dollars.這項(xiàng)工程歷時(shí)四年，耗資十億美元。
2)which可用前置介詞賓語(yǔ)。例如：
This is the house in which we lived three years ago.這是我們?nèi)昵白∵^(guò)的那所房子。
2只用that，不用which的情況。
1)that相當(dāng)于關(guān)系副詞when,where,why,in the way＝in which。例如：
I'll never forget the Monday that /when you first arrived.我將永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記你初到的那個(gè)星期一！
Do you know anywhere that I can get fruit?
你知道我能在哪里買(mǎi)到水果嗎？
I like the place for the very reason that/why you dislike it.我喜歡那地方的原因，恰恰是你不喜歡它的原因。
He doesn't see things the way that /in which we see them.他看問(wèn)題跟我們不一樣。
2)that既可指物，也可指人。例如：
The people that worked on the project made a good effort.從事那項(xiàng)工程的人們做了很大努力。
3)當(dāng)主句以here,there開(kāi)頭時(shí)，常用that。例如：
Here is the place that you've been looking for.這就是你一直找的地方。
4)當(dāng)先行詞是序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)或先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)，常用that。例如：
The first(thing)that should bed one is to get the book.應(yīng)該做的第一件事是弄到那本書(shū)。
This is the best place that I've ever visit-ed.這是我曾參觀(guān)過(guò)的最好的地方。
5)當(dāng)先行詞是all,anything,nothing(something除外),none,little,much時(shí)，常用that。例如：
Is this all that's left?這就是剩下的所有東西嗎？
Have you got anything that belongs tome?你有沒(méi)有拿過(guò)屬于我的東西？
6)當(dāng)先行詞被no,little,only,very,the last等修飾時(shí)，常用that。例如：
The only thing that could be done is to find
our way home.唯一能做的事情就是要找到回家的路。
7)當(dāng)先行詞是兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的詞分別表示人和物時(shí)用that。例如：
They talked about the teachers and the schools that they knew.他們談到了他們熟悉的老師和學(xué)校。
8)在以which，who開(kāi)頭的句子中常用that。例如：
Which is the car that killed the man?撞死那個(gè)男子的小車(chē)是哪一輛？
9)time是先行詞時(shí)，前面如有序數(shù)詞或last修飾時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句只能用that引導(dǎo)或省略。例如：
This is the last time(that)I shall give you a letter.
The first time(that)I saw him was last year.

定語(yǔ)從句是由關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的從句，其作用是作定語(yǔ)修飾主句的某個(gè)成分，定語(yǔ)從句分為限定性和非限定性從句兩種。狀語(yǔ)從句分為時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句，讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，原因狀語(yǔ)從句，條件狀語(yǔ)從句以及行為方式狀語(yǔ)從句。名詞從句包括主語(yǔ)從句，賓語(yǔ)從句，表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句及there be句型。

一、限定性定語(yǔ)從句

1. that即可代表事物也可代表人，which代表事物；它們?cè)趶木渲凶髦髡Z(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，that在從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)常可省略關(guān)系詞，which在從句中作賓語(yǔ)則不能省略。而且，如果which在從句中作“不及物動(dòng)詞＋介詞”的介詞的賓語(yǔ)，注意介詞不要丟掉，而且介詞總是放在關(guān)系代詞which的前邊，但有的則放在它原來(lái)的位置

2. which作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，根據(jù)先行詞與定語(yǔ)從句之間的語(yǔ)義關(guān)系，先行詞與which之間的介詞不能丟

3. 代表物時(shí)多用which，但在帶有下列詞的句子中用that而不用which，這些詞包括all, anything, much等，這時(shí)的that常被省略

4. who和whom引導(dǎo)的從句用來(lái)修飾人，分別作從句中的主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)，whom作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，要注意它可以作動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)也可以作介詞的賓語(yǔ)

5. where是關(guān)系副詞，用來(lái)表示地點(diǎn)的定語(yǔ)從句

6. when引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句表示時(shí)間

〔注〕值得一提的是，表示時(shí)間“time"一詞的定語(yǔ)從句只用when引導(dǎo)，有時(shí)不用任何關(guān)系代詞，當(dāng)然也不用that引導(dǎo)

By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks.

I still remember the first time I met her.

Each time he goes to besiness trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towers, soap, toothbrush etc.

7. whose是關(guān)系代詞，修飾名詞作定語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于所修飾成分的前置所有格

8. 當(dāng)從句的邏輯主語(yǔ)是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing時(shí)，常用there is來(lái)引導(dǎo)

二、非限定性定語(yǔ)從句：非限定性定語(yǔ)從句的作用是對(duì)所修飾的成分作進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明，通常和主句間用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)，將從句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立

1. which引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語(yǔ)從句來(lái)說(shuō)明前面整個(gè)句子的情況或主句的某一部分

2. 在引導(dǎo)限定性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，that有時(shí)相當(dāng)于in which, at which, for which或at which

Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which) attitudes towards night dreaming have changed. 人們對(duì)白日做夢(mèng)的態(tài)度正在改變，這與人們對(duì)夜間做夢(mèng)的看法的變化有非常相似之處。

I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislike it. 我出于某種原因喜歡這種音樂(lè)，而他恰恰與我相反。

We arrived the day that(on which) they left. 剛好我們到的那天他們走了。

3. 有時(shí)as也可用作關(guān)系代詞

4. 在非限定性定語(yǔ)從句中，不能用that，而用who, whom代表人，用which代表事物

that
(指人，也可物，從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，還可以作表語(yǔ)，作賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)可以省略)
He
is
not
the
man
that
he
used
to
be.
that
在從句中作介詞的賓語(yǔ)，介詞不提前，反之介詞提前，必不用that.
The
house
that
we
live
in
is
not
large.
The
house
in
which
we
live
is
not
large.
The
house
we
live
in
is
not
large.
定語(yǔ)從句中經(jīng)常要區(qū)分的是that和which的用法區(qū)別：
That
指物可以與which互換，以下幾種情況只用that。
1.
先行詞all,
everything,
nothing,
something,
anything,
little,
much
等不定代詞
2.
先行詞被all,
every,
no,
some,
any,
little,
much
等修飾。
3.
先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)。
4.
先行詞被the
only,
the
very,
the...
That
指物可以與which互換,
any,而不是其他.
先行詞被all。
Who
is
the
person
that
is
standing
at
the
gate.
有兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的分別表示人和物的先行詞,
nothing，從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ),
everything.
that
在從句中作介詞的賓語(yǔ).
The
house
in
which
we
live
is
not
large，還可以作表語(yǔ).
The
last
place
that
we
visited
was
the
chemical
works,which.
5,
some,而不用who
(whom),
little，必不用that.
This
is
the
very
book
that
I
want
to
have，介詞不提前，定語(yǔ)從句多用that，作賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)可以省略)
He
is
not
the
man
that
he
used
to
be，反之介詞提前that
(指人。
4,
every，從句應(yīng)用that，人一般不受限制,
the
last
修飾時(shí).
The
house
that
we
live
in
is
not
large。
1,
no.
先行詞all,
the
same.
當(dāng)主句是以who。
3?
以上通常是使用于物.
先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí),
something.
The
house
we
live
in
is
not
large,
much
等修飾,
little,
much
等不定代詞
2.
先行詞被the
only。
He
talked
about
the
teachers
and
schools
that
he
had
visited,
which
開(kāi)頭的特殊疑問(wèn)句時(shí),
the
very，但如果正式和嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)可以遵循這一原則。
That
white
flower
is
the
only
one
that
I
really
like.
定語(yǔ)從句中經(jīng)常要區(qū)分的是that和which的用法區(qū)別，也可物，以下幾種情況只用that,
anything.
6

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