關(guān)于幾個(gè)美國(guó)作家和作品 美國(guó)主要作家及其代表作
赫爾曼·梅爾維爾 (Herman Melville, 1819-91)
生於紐約。父親經(jīng)營(yíng)進(jìn)口生意，起初業(yè)務(wù)興隆，后破產(chǎn)，卒於一八三二年，遺下妻子兒女(后移居紐約州奧爾巴尼)。在親戚的援助下，勉強(qiáng)維生。梅爾維爾曾在銀行工作，也教過(guò)書(shū)。一八四一年搭捕鯨船阿庫(kù)什尼特號(hào)去南太平洋以前。曾以船上侍者身分去過(guò)一次利物浦。一八四二年他在馬克薩斯島棄船潛逃，碰到吃人的野人，后來(lái)搭澳洲捕鯨船離開(kāi)群島。其后他又到塔希提島和檀香山闖過(guò)一陣子江湖，於一八四四年乘美國(guó)號(hào)快速帶帆戰(zhàn)艦返美。開(kāi)始根據(jù)航海經(jīng)歷從事寫(xiě)作∶《泰皮》(Typee, 1846)，《歐穆》(Omoo, 1847，他於是年結(jié)婚)，兩書(shū)均受歡迎；《瑪?shù)亍?Mardi, 1849)、《雷得本》(Redburn, 1849)，《白外衣》(White-Jacket, 1850＞，《白鯨》(Moby Dick, 1851)，《皮埃爾》(Pierre, 1852)。其中《瑪?shù)亍肥谷烁械矫曰螅栋做L》不受歡迎，《皮埃爾》徹底失敗。其后逐漸放棄寫(xiě)作生涯，但也完成若干短篇，其中六篇收集在《廣場(chǎng)故事》里(Piazza Tales, 1856)，和另外兩部小說(shuō)，《伊斯雷爾·波特》(Israel Potter, 1855)和《騙子的化裝表演》(The Confidence-Man, 1857)。他隨后轉(zhuǎn)而寫(xiě)詩(shī)，其中大部分包括長(zhǎng)詩(shī)《克拉瑞爾》 (Clarel, 1876)在內(nèi)，系由私人出版。一八六六至一八八五年在紐約任海關(guān)檢查員；終於退休，靜度馀年，臨終前數(shù)月寫(xiě)成《畢利·伯德》(Billy Budd)，直到一九二四年才出版。
馬克‧吐溫 (Mark Twain)，原名『薩繆爾 克萊門(mén)斯』 (Samuel Langhorne Clemens，1835-1910)。出生於密蘇里州的佛羅里達(dá)，為美國(guó)19世紀(jì)著名的幽默文學(xué)家。
由於家境貧寒，馬克‧吐溫并未受過(guò)完整的教育，當(dāng)過(guò)排版工人、水手、礦工，美國(guó)南北戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)期間轉(zhuǎn)往內(nèi)華達(dá)州與加州，一度加入淘金的行列，曾從事股票買(mǎi)賣(mài)，之后則在邊境的報(bào)社中擔(dān)任新聞?dòng)浾撸⒁浴格R克‧吐溫」為筆名發(fā)表文章。1872年后，即以寫(xiě)作為主，并至各地公開(kāi)演講。
他的文章以幽默機(jī)智、簡(jiǎn)潔風(fēng)趣見(jiàn)長(zhǎng)，具有濃烈的美國(guó)本土風(fēng)味，頗受人們的歡迎。尤其擅寫(xiě)生活紀(jì)實(shí)的冒險(xiǎn)故事，藉之諷喻當(dāng)時(shí)崇虛尚偽、追求物質(zhì)的社會(huì)現(xiàn)象。一生著作頗豐，代表作包括《湯姆歷險(xiǎn)記》、《頑童流浪記》、《卡拉維拉斯著名的跳蛙》、《傻子出洋記》、《鍍金時(shí)代》、《乞丐王子》、《密西西比河上的生活》、《亞當(dāng)夏娃的日記》等書(shū)。
龐德（Ezra Pound）
龐德（1885-1972）,意象派運(yùn)動(dòng)主要發(fā)起人。第一次世界大戰(zhàn)后，遷居巴黎。二次大戰(zhàn)期間他公開(kāi)支持法西斯主義，戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)結(jié)束后，他被美軍逮捕，押回本土等候受審。后因醫(yī)生證明他精神失常，再加上海明威和弗羅斯特等名人的奔走說(shuō)項(xiàng)，他只被關(guān)入一家精神病院。1958年，龐德結(jié)束了12年的精神病院監(jiān)禁，重返意大利居住，直至去世。主要作品有《面具》（1909）、《反擊》（1912）、《獻(xiàn)祭》（1916）、《休·西爾文·毛伯萊》（1920）和《詩(shī)章》（1917-1959）等。
艾略特
Thomas Stearns Eliot
1888-1965
[英國(guó)]
托馬斯·史登斯·艾略特（Thomas Stearns Eliot，1888-1965）英美詩(shī)人、劇作家和批評(píng)家。生于美國(guó)密蘇里州圣路易斯，祖籍英國(guó)。父親是磚瓦商人，母親是詩(shī)人，博學(xué)多才。1906年，艾略特進(jìn)哈佛大學(xué)攻讀哲學(xué)和英法文學(xué)，并走上了象征詩(shī)歌的創(chuàng)作道路。1910年走巴黎入索爾大學(xué)研究哲學(xué)和文學(xué)。1913年，任哈佛大學(xué)哲學(xué)系助教。1914年，赴倫敦入牛津大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)希臘哲學(xué)。不久即成婚并定居英國(guó)，先后當(dāng)過(guò)教師、銀行職員、雜志編輯。1922年，創(chuàng)辦文學(xué)評(píng)論季刊《標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》。1926年，任牛津大學(xué)講師。1927年，加入英國(guó)國(guó)籍和國(guó)教。1952年，任倫敦圖書(shū)館館長(zhǎng)。1965年逝世。
艾艾略特從1909開(kāi)始詩(shī)歌創(chuàng)作，先后出版《普魯弗洛克的情歌》（1917）、《詩(shī)集》（1919）、《荒原》（1922）、《艾略特詩(shī)集》（1909-2925）、《東方賢人之旅》（1927）、《灰色的星期三》（1930）、《詩(shī)選》（1909-1935）、《四個(gè)四重奏》（1943）等。其中，《普魯弗洛克的情歌》是早期詩(shī)歌的代表作；《荒原》產(chǎn)生于創(chuàng)作中期，是20世紀(jì)西方文學(xué)的劃時(shí)代作品，現(xiàn)代主義詩(shī)歌的里程碑；《四個(gè)四重奏》是晚期詩(shī)歌的代表作。
30年代以后，艾略特以主要精力從事詩(shī)劇創(chuàng)作。主要作品有《大教堂兇殺案》（1935）、《合家團(tuán)圓》（1539）、《雞尾酒會(huì)》（1950）、《機(jī)要秘書(shū)》（1954）、《政界元老》（1959）。
艾略特還是英美新批評(píng)派的奠基人之一，主要論著有《傳統(tǒng)與個(gè)人才能》（1917）、《論玄文學(xué)派詩(shī)人》（1921）、《批評(píng)的功能》（1923）、《詩(shī)與批評(píng)的效用》（1933）等。
艾略特自稱在政治上是保皇派，宗教上是英國(guó)天主教徒，文學(xué)上是古典主義者。他的文化思想屬于新經(jīng)院主義和僧侶主義的范疇，主張以宗教為政治和文化中心，以"宗教復(fù)興"來(lái)挽救西方資本主義的文明危機(jī)。艾略特的文學(xué)創(chuàng)作和評(píng)論著作對(duì)英美20世紀(jì)現(xiàn)代派文學(xué)和新批評(píng)理論起了開(kāi)拓作用，被譽(yù)為"現(xiàn)代文學(xué)批評(píng)大師"，并一度成為英美詩(shī)界的領(lǐng)袖人物。
1948年，"由于他對(duì)當(dāng)代詩(shī)歌作出的卓越貢獻(xiàn)和所起的先鋒作用"，艾略特獲得諾貝爾文學(xué)獎(jiǎng)。
歐內(nèi)斯特·米勒爾·海明威（1899—1961），美國(guó)小說(shuō)家。他于1899年生于芝加哥附近的一個(gè)醫(yī)生家庭，1954年獲諾貝爾文學(xué)獎(jiǎng)。曾參加第一次世界大戰(zhàn)，后擔(dān)任駐歐洲記者，并以記者身份參加了第二次世界大戰(zhàn)和西班牙內(nèi)戰(zhàn)。晚年患多種疾病，精神抑郁，1961年自殺。他的早期長(zhǎng)篇小說(shuō)《太陽(yáng)照樣升起》（1927）、《永別了，武器》（1927）成為表現(xiàn)美國(guó)“迷惘的一代”的主要代表作。
30、40年代，他塑造了擺脫迷惘、悲觀，為人民利益英勇戰(zhàn)斗和無(wú)畏犧牲的反法西斯戰(zhàn)士形象《第五縱隊(duì)》，長(zhǎng)篇小說(shuō)《喪鐘為誰(shuí)而鳴》。50年代，塑造了以桑提亞哥為代表的“可以把他消滅，但就是打不敗他”的“硬漢形象”（代表作《老人與海》1950）。海明威是美利堅(jiān)民族的精神豐碑。
20年代是海明威文學(xué)創(chuàng)作的早期，他寫(xiě)出了《在我們的時(shí)代里》、《春潮》、《沒(méi)有女人的男人》和長(zhǎng)篇小說(shuō)《太陽(yáng)照樣升起》、《永別了，武器》等作品。這一時(shí)期，正值西方世界沉淪為愛(ài)略特在社會(huì)崩潰背后所看到的荒原時(shí)期，長(zhǎng)篇小說(shuō)《太陽(yáng)照樣升起》就是寫(xiě)戰(zhàn)后一群流落歐洲的青年的生活情景以及他們精神世界的深刻變化。小說(shuō)主人公杰克·巴恩斯是一名美國(guó)記者，戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)毀掉了他的性能力。他愛(ài)上了一名英國(guó)護(hù)士勃瑞特·艾希利，后者也傾心于他，但他們無(wú)法結(jié)合。
一個(gè)美國(guó)作家羅伯特·柯恩——一個(gè)對(duì)生活頗多虛妄與浪漫幻想的人也愛(ài)上了勃瑞特，但她并不喜歡他。這一群歷經(jīng)滄桑的青年，戰(zhàn)后浪跡歐洲大陸，整日無(wú)所事事，聚飲、爭(zhēng)吵或毆斗。戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)奪取了他們的親人，給他們留下了肉體上和精神上的創(chuàng)傷，他們對(duì)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)極度厭惡，對(duì)公理、傳統(tǒng)價(jià)值觀產(chǎn)生了懷疑，對(duì)人生感到厭倦、迷惘和懊喪。小說(shuō)從一個(gè)獨(dú)特的角度譴責(zé)了戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，具有反戰(zhàn)色彩。小說(shuō)因?qū)懥艘淮说拿糟闪恕懊糟囊淮蔽膶W(xué)流派的代表作。
《永別了，武器》（又譯《戰(zhàn)地春夢(mèng)》）是海明威的代表作。他以反對(duì)帝國(guó)主義戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)為主題，揭示了“迷惘的一代”出現(xiàn)的歷史原因，控訴了戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)毀滅人的理想和幸福，戕害人們的心靈，并使千百萬(wàn)無(wú)辜生因此涂炭。這篇作品顯露了海明威散文風(fēng)格的基本特色和“現(xiàn)代敘事藝術(shù)”。作品故事情節(jié)簡(jiǎn)單而意境純一，語(yǔ)言樸實(shí)無(wú)華，句子短小凝練，環(huán)境描寫(xiě)達(dá)到情景交融。
40年代，他根據(jù)在非洲的見(jiàn)聞和印象寫(xiě)了《非洲的青山》、《乞力馬扎羅山的雪》， 還發(fā)表了《法蘭西斯·瑪貝康短暫的幸福》。1932年發(fā)表了《午后之死》， 尊奉美國(guó)建筑師羅德維希的名言“越少，就越多”，使作品趨于精煉，縮短了作品與讀者之間的距離，提出了“冰山原則”，只表現(xiàn)事物的八分之一，使作品充實(shí)、含蓄、耐人尋味。
1939年，海明威以西班牙內(nèi)戰(zhàn)為背景創(chuàng)作了著名的長(zhǎng)篇小說(shuō)《喪鐘為誰(shuí)而鳴》， 這是一部承前啟后的重要作品。它寫(xiě)了國(guó)際縱隊(duì)的志愿人員羅伯特·喬丹為配合一支游擊隊(duì)的一次炸橋行動(dòng)而犧牲的感人故事，這部作品是海明威中期創(chuàng)作中思想性最強(qiáng)的作品之一，在相當(dāng)程度上克服和擺脫了孤獨(dú)、迷惘與悲泣的情緒，把個(gè)人融入到社會(huì)中，表現(xiàn)出為正義事業(yè)而獻(xiàn)身的崇高精神。
二戰(zhàn)后，海明威創(chuàng)作進(jìn)入晚期，其代表作為《老人與海》，由于小說(shuō)中體現(xiàn)了人在“充滿暴力與死亡的現(xiàn)實(shí)世界中”表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的勇氣而獲得1954年的諾貝爾文學(xué)獎(jiǎng)。 海明威一生的創(chuàng)作在現(xiàn)代文學(xué)史上留下了光輝的一頁(yè)。他以自己的經(jīng)歷披露了當(dāng)權(quán)者的偽善和現(xiàn)實(shí)的殘酷，刻畫(huà)了美國(guó)年輕一代的迷惘情緒，作品中洋溢著對(duì)勞動(dòng)人民的熱愛(ài)，在探索藝術(shù)創(chuàng)作的途徑中使現(xiàn)實(shí)主義在開(kāi)放性的兼容并蓄中獲得了新的光采！
威廉·福克納
William Faulkner
1897-1962
[美國(guó)]
威廉·福克納（William Faulkner，1897-1962）美國(guó)作家，生于美國(guó)密西西比州新奧爾巴尼的一個(gè)莊園主家，南北戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)后家道中落。
第一次世界大戰(zhàn)期間，福克納在空軍服過(guò)役。戰(zhàn)后入大學(xué)，其后從事過(guò)各種職業(yè)并開(kāi)始寫(xiě)作。《士兵的報(bào)酬》（1926）發(fā)表后，福克納被列入"迷惘的一代"，但很快與他們分道揚(yáng)鏢。《薩拉里斯》（1929）問(wèn)世之后，福克納的創(chuàng)作進(jìn)入高峰斯。他發(fā)現(xiàn)"家鄉(xiāng)那塊郵票般大小的地方倒也值得一寫(xiě)，只怕一輩子也寫(xiě)不完"。懷著這樣的信念，他把19篇長(zhǎng)篇和70多篇短篇小說(shuō)紡織在"約克納帕塌法世系"里，通過(guò)南方貴族世家的興衰，反映了美國(guó)獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)前夕到第二次世界大戰(zhàn)之間的社會(huì)現(xiàn)實(shí)，創(chuàng)傷了20世紀(jì)的"人間喜劇"。長(zhǎng)篇小說(shuō)《喧嘩與騷動(dòng)》和《我彌留之際》（1930）、《圣殿》（1931）、《八月之光》（1932）、《押沙龍，押沙龍》（1936）等現(xiàn)代文學(xué)的經(jīng)典之作。
福克納后期的主要作品有《村子》（1940）、《闖入者》（1948）、《寓言》（1954）、《小鎮(zhèn)》（1957）和《大宅》（1959）等。此外還有短篇小說(shuō)、劇本和詩(shī)歌。
福克納雖是南方重要作家，但他的作品當(dāng)時(shí)并不受重視，直到1946年美國(guó)著名的文學(xué)批評(píng)家馬爾科姆·考萊編選了《袖珍本福克納文集》，又寫(xiě)了一篇有名的序言之后，福克納才在文壇上引起重視。特別是薩特、馬爾洛等人的賞識(shí)，使福克納名聲大噪。
在藝術(shù)上，福克納受弗洛伊德影響，大膽地大膽地進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)，采用意識(shí)流手法、對(duì)位結(jié)構(gòu)以及象征隱喻等手段表現(xiàn)暴力、兇殺、性變態(tài)心理等，他的作品風(fēng)格千姿百態(tài)、撲朔迷離，讀者須下大功夫才能感受其特有的審美情趣。
1949年，"因?yàn)樗麑?duì)當(dāng)代美國(guó)小說(shuō)作出了強(qiáng)有力的和藝術(shù)上無(wú)與倫比的貢獻(xiàn)"，福克納獲諾貝爾文學(xué)獎(jiǎng)。
Herman Melville 赫爾曼.梅爾維爾 代表作《白鯨》美國(guó)小說(shuō)家、詩(shī)人。
Mark Twain 馬克·吐溫代表作有《湯姆歷險(xiǎn)記》及《頑童歷險(xiǎn)記》美國(guó)幽默大師、作家。
Ezra Pound 龐德 代表作《在一個(gè)地鐵站》。被喻為美國(guó)20世紀(jì)文學(xué)界的鄧小平。
Thomas Stearns Eliot 艾略特,代表作《荒園》， 美國(guó)詩(shī)人。
(Ernest Hemingway l899～1961) 海明威代表作《太陽(yáng)照樣升起》美國(guó)小說(shuō)家
William Faulkner 威廉福克納，代表作《美國(guó)的悲劇》美國(guó)小說(shuō)家。
HUHU累啊！希望能對(duì)你有幫助。
每個(gè)作家都可給你找一大堆,裝不下了.給個(gè)信箱.我發(fā)到你那吧.
mark twain
Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30, 1835 – April 21, 1910), better known by his pen name Mark Twain, was an American humorist, novelist, writer, and lecturer.
Although Twain was confounded by financial and business affairs, his humor and wit were keen, and he enjoyed immense public popularity. At his peak, he was probably the most popular American celebrity of his time. In 1907, crowds at the Jamestown Exposition thronged just to get a glimpse of him. He had dozens of famous friends, including William Dean Howells, Booker T. Washington, Nikola Tesla, Helen Keller, and Henry Huttleston Rogers. Fellow American author William Faulkner is credited with writing that Twain was "the first truly American writer, and all of us since are his heirs." Twain died in 1910 and is buried in Elmira, New York.
Contents [hide]
1 History
1.1 Growing Up
1.2 Roughing it out West
1.3 Pen names
2 Career overview
3 Trivia
4 Epigrams
5 Bibliography
6 References
7 See also
7.1 Works by Mark Twain
7.2 Studying Twain
7.3 Twain's Life
[edit]
History
The Mississippi River at Hannibal, Missouri[edit]
Growing Up
Mark Twain was born in Florida, Missouri on November 30, 1835. When he was four, his family moved to Hannibal, a port town on the Mississippi River which later served as the inspiration for the fictional town of St. Petersberg in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Missouri had been admitted as a slave state in 1821 as part of the Missouri Compromise, and from an early age Twain was exposed to the institution of slavery, a theme which Twain was to later explore in his work. In 1847, when Twain was 11, his father fell ill with pneumonia and died that March. As a teenager Twain worked as an apprentice printer; when he was sixteen, he began writing humorous articles and newspaper sketches. When he was eighteen he left Hannibal, working as a printer in New York, Philadelphia, St. Louis, and Cincinnati. At the age of 22, Twain returned to Missouri and worked as a riverboat pilot and earned $250 which was a "princely amount" back then, until trade was interrupted by the American Civil War in 1861.
[edit]
Roughing it out West
Missouri, although a slave state and considered by many to be part of the South, declined to join the Confederacy and remained loyal to the Union. When the war began, Clemens and his friends formed a Confederate militia (an experience he depicted in his 1885 short story, "The Private History of a Campaign That Failed"), but he saw no military action and the militia disbanded after two weeks. His friends joined the Confederate Army; Clemens joined his brother, Orion, who had been appointed secretary to the territorial governor of Nevada, and headed west. They traveled for more than two weeks on a stagecoach across the Great Plains and the Rocky Mountains to the silver-mining town of Virginia City, Nevada. On the way they visited the polygamous Mormon community in Salt Lake City. Clemens' experiences in the West contributed significantly to his formation as a writer, and became the basis of his second book, Roughing It.
Once in Nevada, Clemens became a miner, hoping to strike it rich discovering silver in the Comstock Lode. He stayed for long periods in camp with his fellow prospectors—another life experience that he later put to literary use. After failing as a miner, Clemens obtained work at a newspaper called the Daily Territorial Enterprise in Virginia City, where he adopted the pen name "Mark Twain" which meant 2 fathoms, or 12 feet.
[edit]
Pen names
Clemens usually maintained that his primary pen name, "Mark Twain," came from his years on the riverboat, where two fathoms (12 ft, approximately 3.7 m) or "safe water" was measured on the sounding line and marked by calling "mark twain". However, the name may also have come from his wilder days in the West, where he would buy two drinks and tell the bartender to "mark twain" on his tab. The complete origin of the pseudonym is unknown.
Clemens is also known to have used the pen of his most famous pen name, Twain himself later wrote:
[Captain Isaiah Sellers] was not of literary turn or capacity, but he used to jot down brief paragraphs of plain practical information about the river, and sign them "MARK TWAIN," and give them to the "New Orleans Picayune." They related to the stage and condition of the river, and were accurate and valuable; and thus far, they contained no poison.
[...]
I burlesqued it broadly, very broadly, stringing my fantastics out to the extent of eight hundred or a thousand words. I was a "cub" at the time. I showed my performance to some pilots, and they eagerly rushed it into print in the "New Orleans True Delta." It was a great pity; for it did nobody any worthy service, and it sent a pang deep into a good man's heart. There was no malice in my rubbish; but it laughed at the captain. It laughed at a man to whom such a thing was new and strange and dreadful. I did not know then, though I do now, that there is no suffering comparable with that which a private person feels when he is for the first time pilloried in print.
[...]
He never printed another paragraph while he lived, and he never again signed Mark Twain to anything. At the time that the telegraph brought the news of his death, I was on the Pacific coast. I was a fresh new journalist, and needed a nom de guerre; so I confiscated the ancient mariner's discarded one, and have done my best to make it remain what it was in his hands—a sign and symbol and warrant that whatever is found in its company may be gambled on as being the petrified truth; how I have succeeded, it would not be modest in me to say.[1]
Regardless of the source of the name, "Mark Twain" was "born" as Clemens' pen name in the office of the Nevada Territorial Enterprise, when Clemens first used the name on an article published on February 3, 1863. Twain wants the reader to see the absurdity in his statement.
[edit]
Career overview
Twain's greatest contribution to American literature is generally considered to be his novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. As Ernest Hemingway once said:
"All modern American literature comes from one book by Mark Twain called Huckleberry Finn. ...all American writing comes from that. There was nothing before. There has been nothing as good since."
Also popular are The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, The Prince and the Pauper, A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court and the non-fiction book Life on the Mississippi.
Beginning as a writer of light, humorous verse, Twain evolved into a grim, almost profane chronicler of the vanities, hypocrisies and murderous acts of mankind. At mid-career, with Huckleberry Finn, he combined rich humor, sturdy narrative and social criticism in a way that is almost unrivaled in world literature.
Twain was a master at rendering colloquial speech, and helped to create and popularize a distinctive American literature built on American themes and language.
Twain in the lab of Nikola Tesla, spring of 1894Twain also had a fascination with science and scientific inquiry. He developed a close and lasting friendship with Nikola Tesla, and the two spent quite a bit of time together (in Tesla's laboratory, among other places). Such fascination can be seen in Twain's book A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court, which features a time traveler from the America of Twain's day, using his knowledge of science to introduce modern technology to Arthurian England. Incidentally this features as an element of inspiration in the popular 1990s science fiction serial Star Trek: The Next Generation Season Five: Last Episode and Season Six: Episode One] 'Time's Arrow' where Twain is encountered and inspired by the arrival of the future Enterprise bridge officers investigating hostile alien interference in Earth's history. Twain also patented an improvement in adjustable and detachable straps for garments.
From 1901 until his death in 1910, Twain was vice president of the American Anti-Imperialist League.[2] The League opposed the annexation of the Philippines by the United States. Twain wrote Incident in the Philippines, posthumously published in 1924, in response to the Moro Crater Massacre, in which six hundred Moros were killed. Many but not all of Mark Twain's neglected and previously uncollected writings on anti-imperialism appeared for the first time in book form in 1992.
In recent years, there have been occasional attempts to ban Huckleberry Finn from various libraries because Twain's use of local color is offensive to some people. Although Twain was against racism and imperialism far ahead of the public sentiment of his time, those who have only superficial familiarity with his work have sometimes condemned it as racist because it accurately depicts language in common use in the 19th-century United States. Expressions that were used casually and unselfconsciously then are often perceived today as racist (today, such racial epithets are far more visible and condemned). Twain himself would probably be amused by these attempts; in 1885, when a library in Massachusetts banned the book, he wrote to his publisher, "They have expelled Huck from their library as 'trash suitable only for the slums', that will sell 25,000 copies for us for sure."
Many of Mark Twain's works have been suppressed at times for various reasons. 1880 saw the publication of an anonymous slim volume entitled 1601: Conversation, as it was by the Social Fireside, in the Time of the Tudors. Twain was among those rumored to be the author, but the issue was not settled until 1906, when Twain acknowledged his literary paternity of this scatological masterpiece.
At least Twain saw 1601 published during his lifetime. During the Philippine-American War, Twain wrote an anti-war article entitled The War Prayer. Through this internal struggle, Twain expresses his opinions of the absurdity of slavery and the importance of following one's personal conscience before the laws of society. It was submitted to Harper's Bazaar for publication, but on March 22, 1905, the magazine rejected the story as "not quite suited to a woman's magazine." Eight days later Twain wrote to his friend Dan Beard, to whom he had read the story, "I don't think the prayer will be published in my time. None but the dead are permitted to tell the truth." Because he had an exclusive contract with Harper & Brothers, Mark Twain could not publish The War Prayer elsewhere; it remained unpublished until 1923.
In later years, Twain's family suppressed some of his work which was especially irreverent toward conventional religion, notably Letters from the Earth, which was not published until 1962. The anti-religious The Mysterious Stranger was published in 1916, although there is some scholarly debate as to whether Twain actually wrote the most familiar version of this story.
Perhaps most controversial of all was Mark Twain's 1879 humorous talk at the Stomach Club in Paris, entitled Some Thoughts on the Science of Onanism, which concluded with the thought, "If you must gamble your lives sexually, don't play a lone hand too much." This talk was not published until 1943, and then only in a limited edition of fifty copies.
[edit]
Trivia
Twain was born and died in years in which Halley's Comet appeared.
In 1906, his daughter Clara Clemens married the Russian-American pianist and conductor Ossip Gabrilowitsch. Clara was a singer who appeared with her husband in recital.
The 1944 biographical film of his life, The Adventures of Mark Twain, featured Fredric March as Clemens and Alexis Smith as his wife Olivia.
Broadway, television & cinema actor Hal Holbrook has been performing his one-man show Mark Twain Tonight ! annually since 1959, with each show somewhat different in Twain content. During the 60th Tony Awards, Holbrook reported that he was purported to be buried near Twain in Woodlawn Cemetery. Holbrook then repeated one of Twain's famous quotes: "The reports of my death are greatly exaggerated."
The Star Trek: The Next Generation episode Time's Arrow featured a fictionalized version of Mark Twain.
Mark Twain`s wife, Olivia Langdon, was known as Livy to her family and friends.
[edit]
Epigrams
This article or section does not cite its references or sources.
You can help Wikipedia by introducing appropriate citations.
"It is better to keep your mouth closed and let people think you are a fool, than to open it and remove all doubt." (cf. Proverbs 12:23, 13:16, 17:18, 29:11, and others)
"I have never let my schooling get in the way of my education."
"Familiarity breeds contempt—and babies."
"Golf is a good walk spoilt."
"It is by the goodness of God that in our country we have those three unspeakably precious things: freedom of speech, freedom of conscience, and the prudence never to practice either of them."
"Truth is our most valuable commodity, so let us economize."
"To create man was a fine and original idea; but to add sheep was a tautology." (notebook, 1902)
"We all do no end of feeling, and we mistake it for thinking. And out of it we get an aggregation which we consider a boon. Its name is public opinion. It is held in reverence. Some think it the voice of God." (Corn-Pone Opinions)
"Never put off until tomorrow that which could be done the day after tomorrow."
"A habit cannot be thrown out the window, it must be coaxed down the stairs one step at a time."
"The human race has one really effective weapon, and that is laughter."
"Clothes make the man. Naked people have little or no influence on society."
"Rumors of my death have been greatly exaggerated."
"The human race is a race of cowards, and I am not only marching in that procession but carrying a banner."
"There are several good protections against temptations, but the surest is cowardice."
"Suppose you were a congressman, and suppose you were an idiot. But I repeat myself."
"Keep away from people who try to belittle your ambitions. Small people always do that, but the really great ones make you feel that you, too, can become great."
"Only one thing is impossible for God: To find any sense in any copyright law on the planet."
"October: This is one of the peculiarly dangerous months to speculate in stocks. The others are July, January, September, April, November, May, March, June, December, August, and February."
"When I, a thoughtful and unblessed Presbyterian, examine the Koran, I know that beyond any question every Mohammedan is insane, not in all things, but in religious matters. When a thoughtful and unblessed Mohammedan examines the Westminster Catechism, he knows that beyond any question I am spiritually insane. I cannot prove to him that he is insane, because you never can prove anything to a lunatic—for that is a part of his insanity and the evidence of it. He cannot prove to me that I am insane, for my mind has the same defect that afflicts his... When I look around me, I am often troubled to see how many people are mad." [3]
The saying "There are three kinds of lies: lies, damned lies, and statistics" is sometimes attributed to Twain. He did not coin the phrase, but he did popularize it in the United States.
"Giving up smoking is the easiest thing in the world. I know because I've done it thousands of times."
"Few things are harder to put up with than the annoyance of a good example."
"Respect your superiors, if you have any."
"Jesus died to save men -- a small thing for an immortal to do, & didn't save many, anyway; but if he had been damned for the race that would have been act of a size proper to a god, & would have saved the whole race. However, why should anybody want to save the human race, or damn it either? Does God want its society? Does Satan?"
"Man is the only animal that blushes. Or needs to."
"When angry count to four, when very angry, swear." -Puddin'head Wilson's Calendar
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Twain
Herman Melville： Moby Dick
Ernest Hemingway: Farewell to Arms
杜胞17847822235： 世界上有名的作家有哪些 -
奈曼旗半圓： ______ 1 莎士比亞 (英國(guó)) 代表作有四大悲劇《哈姆雷特》《奧賽羅》《李爾王》《麥克白》,四大喜劇《第十二夜》《仲夏夜之夢(mèng)》《威尼斯商人》《無(wú)事生非》2 列夫托爾斯泰 (蘇聯(lián)) 《戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)與和平》《安娜卡列尼娜》3 但丁 (意大利) 《神曲...
杜胞17847822235： 誰(shuí)來(lái)介紹幾個(gè)外國(guó)著名文學(xué)家及其思想思想詩(shī)句學(xué)派 -
奈曼旗半圓： ______[答案] 荷馬史詩(shī)(《伊利昂紀(jì)》和《奧德修紀(jì)》)氣勢(shì)磅礴,是史前社會(huì)的寶貴文獻(xiàn).埃斯庫(kù)羅斯(《被縛的普羅米修斯》[KG*2〗括號(hào)內(nèi)為這位作家的代表作,下同.)、索福克勒斯(《俄狄浦斯王》)和歐里庇得斯(《美狄亞》)的命運(yùn)悲劇是奴隸主民主...
杜胞17847822235： 以動(dòng)物為主角,沈石溪、加拿大作家西頓、美國(guó)作家杰克倫敦的作品有哪些 -
奈曼旗半圓： ______ 一、沈石溪 1、《第七條獵狗》 《第七條獵狗》是作家沈石溪的成名作.這篇短篇小說(shuō),展示了沈石溪非同尋常的講故事的能力.講述的是老獵人召盤(pán)巴和他第七條獵狗的故事. 老獵人闖蕩山林40年,卻得不到一條稱心如意的獵狗,一直引以...
杜胞17847822235： 《最后一片葉子》的作者是美國(guó)作家…,其代表作還有《》,與什么什么為世界三大小說(shuō)巨匠 -
奈曼旗半圓： ______ 美國(guó)現(xiàn)代短篇小說(shuō)之父歐.亨利 歐·亨利是其筆名,原名為威廉·西德尼·波特(William Sydney Porter).美國(guó)著名批判現(xiàn)實(shí)主義作家,世界三大短篇小說(shuō)大師之一.曾被評(píng)論界譽(yù)為曼哈頓桂冠散文作家和美國(guó)現(xiàn)代短篇小說(shuō)之父.他的作品構(gòu)思新穎,語(yǔ)言詼諧,結(jié)局常常出人意外,代表作有小說(shuō)集《白菜與國(guó)王》、《四百萬(wàn)》、《命運(yùn)之路》等.其中一些名篇如《愛(ài)的犧牲》、《警察與贊美詩(shī)》、《帶家具出租的房間》、《賢人的禮物》、《最后一片藤葉》等使他獲得了世界聲譽(yù).
杜胞17847822235： 美國(guó)著名的作家叫什么柯南.道爾 他寫(xiě)的<賓館>.<飛機(jī)場(chǎng)> -
奈曼旗半圓： ______ 你說(shuō)的是加拿大與美國(guó)作家阿瑟.黑利,主要作品《大飯店》《飛機(jī)場(chǎng)》(又譯《航空港》).他與阿瑟.柯南.道爾爵士名字相同,姓不同.
杜胞17847822235： 請(qǐng)問(wèn)有哪些美國(guó)作家的作品拍成了電影嗎? -
奈曼旗半圓： ______ 經(jīng)典的:《老人與海》 (海明威) 《湯姆索亞歷險(xiǎn)記》(馬克吐溫) 《百萬(wàn)英鎊》 《亂世佳人》 (飄) 含有海明威的作品:《殺人者》、《永別了,武器》,《太陽(yáng)照樣升起》(不是姜文那一部)、《乞力馬扎羅山上的雪》、《有的和沒(méi)有的》,等等. 科幻: 《宇宙威龍》(1990年) 《少數(shù)派報(bào)告》(2002年) 《記憶裂痕》(2003年)
杜胞17847822235： 美國(guó)作家杰羅姆.大衛(wèi)塞林格的代表作是什么? -
奈曼旗半圓： ______ 《麥田里的守望者》最有名氣,是美國(guó)戰(zhàn)后垮掉一代新路歷程的真實(shí)寫(xiě)照.此外還有《弗蘭妮和祖伊》以及《九故事》都是不錯(cuò)的小說(shuō).可惜的是他寫(xiě)的書(shū)比較少.
杜胞17847822235： 美國(guó)的文學(xué)名著有哪些 -
奈曼旗半圓： ______ 理查德耶茨,卡弗,福克納馬克吐溫.茨威格,愛(ài)倫坡,杰克倫敦,歐亨利,霍桑神馬的自己找嘛
杜胞17847822235： 美國(guó)作家杰克·倫敦的著作除了《熱愛(ài)生命》、《野性的呼喚》以外還有哪些較著名的文章?
奈曼旗半圓： ______ 《馬丁伊登》
杜胞17847822235： 求外國(guó)文學(xué)名著的作品名和作者 -
奈曼旗半圓： ______ 《呼嘯山莊》 艾米莉·勃朗特 下載此書(shū)小說(shuō)描寫(xiě)吉卜賽棄兒希斯克列夫被山莊老主人收養(yǎng)后,因受辱和戀愛(ài)不遂,外出致富,回來(lái)后對(duì)與其女友嘉瑟琳結(jié)婚的地主林頓及其子女進(jìn)行報(bào)復(fù)的故事....
生於紐約。父親經(jīng)營(yíng)進(jìn)口生意，起初業(yè)務(wù)興隆，后破產(chǎn)，卒於一八三二年，遺下妻子兒女(后移居紐約州奧爾巴尼)。在親戚的援助下，勉強(qiáng)維生。梅爾維爾曾在銀行工作，也教過(guò)書(shū)。一八四一年搭捕鯨船阿庫(kù)什尼特號(hào)去南太平洋以前。曾以船上侍者身分去過(guò)一次利物浦。一八四二年他在馬克薩斯島棄船潛逃，碰到吃人的野人，后來(lái)搭澳洲捕鯨船離開(kāi)群島。其后他又到塔希提島和檀香山闖過(guò)一陣子江湖，於一八四四年乘美國(guó)號(hào)快速帶帆戰(zhàn)艦返美。開(kāi)始根據(jù)航海經(jīng)歷從事寫(xiě)作∶《泰皮》(Typee, 1846)，《歐穆》(Omoo, 1847，他於是年結(jié)婚)，兩書(shū)均受歡迎；《瑪?shù)亍?Mardi, 1849)、《雷得本》(Redburn, 1849)，《白外衣》(White-Jacket, 1850＞，《白鯨》(Moby Dick, 1851)，《皮埃爾》(Pierre, 1852)。其中《瑪?shù)亍肥谷烁械矫曰螅栋做L》不受歡迎，《皮埃爾》徹底失敗。其后逐漸放棄寫(xiě)作生涯，但也完成若干短篇，其中六篇收集在《廣場(chǎng)故事》里(Piazza Tales, 1856)，和另外兩部小說(shuō)，《伊斯雷爾·波特》(Israel Potter, 1855)和《騙子的化裝表演》(The Confidence-Man, 1857)。他隨后轉(zhuǎn)而寫(xiě)詩(shī)，其中大部分包括長(zhǎng)詩(shī)《克拉瑞爾》 (Clarel, 1876)在內(nèi)，系由私人出版。一八六六至一八八五年在紐約任海關(guān)檢查員；終於退休，靜度馀年，臨終前數(shù)月寫(xiě)成《畢利·伯德》(Billy Budd)，直到一九二四年才出版。
馬克‧吐溫 (Mark Twain)，原名『薩繆爾 克萊門(mén)斯』 (Samuel Langhorne Clemens，1835-1910)。出生於密蘇里州的佛羅里達(dá)，為美國(guó)19世紀(jì)著名的幽默文學(xué)家。
由於家境貧寒，馬克‧吐溫并未受過(guò)完整的教育，當(dāng)過(guò)排版工人、水手、礦工，美國(guó)南北戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)期間轉(zhuǎn)往內(nèi)華達(dá)州與加州，一度加入淘金的行列，曾從事股票買(mǎi)賣(mài)，之后則在邊境的報(bào)社中擔(dān)任新聞?dòng)浾撸⒁浴格R克‧吐溫」為筆名發(fā)表文章。1872年后，即以寫(xiě)作為主，并至各地公開(kāi)演講。
他的文章以幽默機(jī)智、簡(jiǎn)潔風(fēng)趣見(jiàn)長(zhǎng)，具有濃烈的美國(guó)本土風(fēng)味，頗受人們的歡迎。尤其擅寫(xiě)生活紀(jì)實(shí)的冒險(xiǎn)故事，藉之諷喻當(dāng)時(shí)崇虛尚偽、追求物質(zhì)的社會(huì)現(xiàn)象。一生著作頗豐，代表作包括《湯姆歷險(xiǎn)記》、《頑童流浪記》、《卡拉維拉斯著名的跳蛙》、《傻子出洋記》、《鍍金時(shí)代》、《乞丐王子》、《密西西比河上的生活》、《亞當(dāng)夏娃的日記》等書(shū)。
龐德（Ezra Pound）
龐德（1885-1972）,意象派運(yùn)動(dòng)主要發(fā)起人。第一次世界大戰(zhàn)后，遷居巴黎。二次大戰(zhàn)期間他公開(kāi)支持法西斯主義，戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)結(jié)束后，他被美軍逮捕，押回本土等候受審。后因醫(yī)生證明他精神失常，再加上海明威和弗羅斯特等名人的奔走說(shuō)項(xiàng)，他只被關(guān)入一家精神病院。1958年，龐德結(jié)束了12年的精神病院監(jiān)禁，重返意大利居住，直至去世。主要作品有《面具》（1909）、《反擊》（1912）、《獻(xiàn)祭》（1916）、《休·西爾文·毛伯萊》（1920）和《詩(shī)章》（1917-1959）等。
艾略特
Thomas Stearns Eliot
1888-1965
[英國(guó)]
托馬斯·史登斯·艾略特（Thomas Stearns Eliot，1888-1965）英美詩(shī)人、劇作家和批評(píng)家。生于美國(guó)密蘇里州圣路易斯，祖籍英國(guó)。父親是磚瓦商人，母親是詩(shī)人，博學(xué)多才。1906年，艾略特進(jìn)哈佛大學(xué)攻讀哲學(xué)和英法文學(xué)，并走上了象征詩(shī)歌的創(chuàng)作道路。1910年走巴黎入索爾大學(xué)研究哲學(xué)和文學(xué)。1913年，任哈佛大學(xué)哲學(xué)系助教。1914年，赴倫敦入牛津大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)希臘哲學(xué)。不久即成婚并定居英國(guó)，先后當(dāng)過(guò)教師、銀行職員、雜志編輯。1922年，創(chuàng)辦文學(xué)評(píng)論季刊《標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》。1926年，任牛津大學(xué)講師。1927年，加入英國(guó)國(guó)籍和國(guó)教。1952年，任倫敦圖書(shū)館館長(zhǎng)。1965年逝世。
艾艾略特從1909開(kāi)始詩(shī)歌創(chuàng)作，先后出版《普魯弗洛克的情歌》（1917）、《詩(shī)集》（1919）、《荒原》（1922）、《艾略特詩(shī)集》（1909-2925）、《東方賢人之旅》（1927）、《灰色的星期三》（1930）、《詩(shī)選》（1909-1935）、《四個(gè)四重奏》（1943）等。其中，《普魯弗洛克的情歌》是早期詩(shī)歌的代表作；《荒原》產(chǎn)生于創(chuàng)作中期，是20世紀(jì)西方文學(xué)的劃時(shí)代作品，現(xiàn)代主義詩(shī)歌的里程碑；《四個(gè)四重奏》是晚期詩(shī)歌的代表作。
30年代以后，艾略特以主要精力從事詩(shī)劇創(chuàng)作。主要作品有《大教堂兇殺案》（1935）、《合家團(tuán)圓》（1539）、《雞尾酒會(huì)》（1950）、《機(jī)要秘書(shū)》（1954）、《政界元老》（1959）。
艾略特還是英美新批評(píng)派的奠基人之一，主要論著有《傳統(tǒng)與個(gè)人才能》（1917）、《論玄文學(xué)派詩(shī)人》（1921）、《批評(píng)的功能》（1923）、《詩(shī)與批評(píng)的效用》（1933）等。
艾略特自稱在政治上是保皇派，宗教上是英國(guó)天主教徒，文學(xué)上是古典主義者。他的文化思想屬于新經(jīng)院主義和僧侶主義的范疇，主張以宗教為政治和文化中心，以"宗教復(fù)興"來(lái)挽救西方資本主義的文明危機(jī)。艾略特的文學(xué)創(chuàng)作和評(píng)論著作對(duì)英美20世紀(jì)現(xiàn)代派文學(xué)和新批評(píng)理論起了開(kāi)拓作用，被譽(yù)為"現(xiàn)代文學(xué)批評(píng)大師"，并一度成為英美詩(shī)界的領(lǐng)袖人物。
1948年，"由于他對(duì)當(dāng)代詩(shī)歌作出的卓越貢獻(xiàn)和所起的先鋒作用"，艾略特獲得諾貝爾文學(xué)獎(jiǎng)。
歐內(nèi)斯特·米勒爾·海明威（1899—1961），美國(guó)小說(shuō)家。他于1899年生于芝加哥附近的一個(gè)醫(yī)生家庭，1954年獲諾貝爾文學(xué)獎(jiǎng)。曾參加第一次世界大戰(zhàn)，后擔(dān)任駐歐洲記者，并以記者身份參加了第二次世界大戰(zhàn)和西班牙內(nèi)戰(zhàn)。晚年患多種疾病，精神抑郁，1961年自殺。他的早期長(zhǎng)篇小說(shuō)《太陽(yáng)照樣升起》（1927）、《永別了，武器》（1927）成為表現(xiàn)美國(guó)“迷惘的一代”的主要代表作。
30、40年代，他塑造了擺脫迷惘、悲觀，為人民利益英勇戰(zhàn)斗和無(wú)畏犧牲的反法西斯戰(zhàn)士形象《第五縱隊(duì)》，長(zhǎng)篇小說(shuō)《喪鐘為誰(shuí)而鳴》。50年代，塑造了以桑提亞哥為代表的“可以把他消滅，但就是打不敗他”的“硬漢形象”（代表作《老人與海》1950）。海明威是美利堅(jiān)民族的精神豐碑。
20年代是海明威文學(xué)創(chuàng)作的早期，他寫(xiě)出了《在我們的時(shí)代里》、《春潮》、《沒(méi)有女人的男人》和長(zhǎng)篇小說(shuō)《太陽(yáng)照樣升起》、《永別了，武器》等作品。這一時(shí)期，正值西方世界沉淪為愛(ài)略特在社會(huì)崩潰背后所看到的荒原時(shí)期，長(zhǎng)篇小說(shuō)《太陽(yáng)照樣升起》就是寫(xiě)戰(zhàn)后一群流落歐洲的青年的生活情景以及他們精神世界的深刻變化。小說(shuō)主人公杰克·巴恩斯是一名美國(guó)記者，戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)毀掉了他的性能力。他愛(ài)上了一名英國(guó)護(hù)士勃瑞特·艾希利，后者也傾心于他，但他們無(wú)法結(jié)合。
一個(gè)美國(guó)作家羅伯特·柯恩——一個(gè)對(duì)生活頗多虛妄與浪漫幻想的人也愛(ài)上了勃瑞特，但她并不喜歡他。這一群歷經(jīng)滄桑的青年，戰(zhàn)后浪跡歐洲大陸，整日無(wú)所事事，聚飲、爭(zhēng)吵或毆斗。戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)奪取了他們的親人，給他們留下了肉體上和精神上的創(chuàng)傷，他們對(duì)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)極度厭惡，對(duì)公理、傳統(tǒng)價(jià)值觀產(chǎn)生了懷疑，對(duì)人生感到厭倦、迷惘和懊喪。小說(shuō)從一個(gè)獨(dú)特的角度譴責(zé)了戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，具有反戰(zhàn)色彩。小說(shuō)因?qū)懥艘淮说拿糟闪恕懊糟囊淮蔽膶W(xué)流派的代表作。
《永別了，武器》（又譯《戰(zhàn)地春夢(mèng)》）是海明威的代表作。他以反對(duì)帝國(guó)主義戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)為主題，揭示了“迷惘的一代”出現(xiàn)的歷史原因，控訴了戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)毀滅人的理想和幸福，戕害人們的心靈，并使千百萬(wàn)無(wú)辜生因此涂炭。這篇作品顯露了海明威散文風(fēng)格的基本特色和“現(xiàn)代敘事藝術(shù)”。作品故事情節(jié)簡(jiǎn)單而意境純一，語(yǔ)言樸實(shí)無(wú)華，句子短小凝練，環(huán)境描寫(xiě)達(dá)到情景交融。
40年代，他根據(jù)在非洲的見(jiàn)聞和印象寫(xiě)了《非洲的青山》、《乞力馬扎羅山的雪》， 還發(fā)表了《法蘭西斯·瑪貝康短暫的幸福》。1932年發(fā)表了《午后之死》， 尊奉美國(guó)建筑師羅德維希的名言“越少，就越多”，使作品趨于精煉，縮短了作品與讀者之間的距離，提出了“冰山原則”，只表現(xiàn)事物的八分之一，使作品充實(shí)、含蓄、耐人尋味。
1939年，海明威以西班牙內(nèi)戰(zhàn)為背景創(chuàng)作了著名的長(zhǎng)篇小說(shuō)《喪鐘為誰(shuí)而鳴》， 這是一部承前啟后的重要作品。它寫(xiě)了國(guó)際縱隊(duì)的志愿人員羅伯特·喬丹為配合一支游擊隊(duì)的一次炸橋行動(dòng)而犧牲的感人故事，這部作品是海明威中期創(chuàng)作中思想性最強(qiáng)的作品之一，在相當(dāng)程度上克服和擺脫了孤獨(dú)、迷惘與悲泣的情緒，把個(gè)人融入到社會(huì)中，表現(xiàn)出為正義事業(yè)而獻(xiàn)身的崇高精神。
二戰(zhàn)后，海明威創(chuàng)作進(jìn)入晚期，其代表作為《老人與海》，由于小說(shuō)中體現(xiàn)了人在“充滿暴力與死亡的現(xiàn)實(shí)世界中”表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的勇氣而獲得1954年的諾貝爾文學(xué)獎(jiǎng)。 海明威一生的創(chuàng)作在現(xiàn)代文學(xué)史上留下了光輝的一頁(yè)。他以自己的經(jīng)歷披露了當(dāng)權(quán)者的偽善和現(xiàn)實(shí)的殘酷，刻畫(huà)了美國(guó)年輕一代的迷惘情緒，作品中洋溢著對(duì)勞動(dòng)人民的熱愛(ài)，在探索藝術(shù)創(chuàng)作的途徑中使現(xiàn)實(shí)主義在開(kāi)放性的兼容并蓄中獲得了新的光采！
威廉·福克納
William Faulkner
1897-1962
[美國(guó)]
威廉·福克納（William Faulkner，1897-1962）美國(guó)作家，生于美國(guó)密西西比州新奧爾巴尼的一個(gè)莊園主家，南北戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)后家道中落。
第一次世界大戰(zhàn)期間，福克納在空軍服過(guò)役。戰(zhàn)后入大學(xué)，其后從事過(guò)各種職業(yè)并開(kāi)始寫(xiě)作。《士兵的報(bào)酬》（1926）發(fā)表后，福克納被列入"迷惘的一代"，但很快與他們分道揚(yáng)鏢。《薩拉里斯》（1929）問(wèn)世之后，福克納的創(chuàng)作進(jìn)入高峰斯。他發(fā)現(xiàn)"家鄉(xiāng)那塊郵票般大小的地方倒也值得一寫(xiě)，只怕一輩子也寫(xiě)不完"。懷著這樣的信念，他把19篇長(zhǎng)篇和70多篇短篇小說(shuō)紡織在"約克納帕塌法世系"里，通過(guò)南方貴族世家的興衰，反映了美國(guó)獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)前夕到第二次世界大戰(zhàn)之間的社會(huì)現(xiàn)實(shí)，創(chuàng)傷了20世紀(jì)的"人間喜劇"。長(zhǎng)篇小說(shuō)《喧嘩與騷動(dòng)》和《我彌留之際》（1930）、《圣殿》（1931）、《八月之光》（1932）、《押沙龍，押沙龍》（1936）等現(xiàn)代文學(xué)的經(jīng)典之作。
福克納后期的主要作品有《村子》（1940）、《闖入者》（1948）、《寓言》（1954）、《小鎮(zhèn)》（1957）和《大宅》（1959）等。此外還有短篇小說(shuō)、劇本和詩(shī)歌。
福克納雖是南方重要作家，但他的作品當(dāng)時(shí)并不受重視，直到1946年美國(guó)著名的文學(xué)批評(píng)家馬爾科姆·考萊編選了《袖珍本福克納文集》，又寫(xiě)了一篇有名的序言之后，福克納才在文壇上引起重視。特別是薩特、馬爾洛等人的賞識(shí)，使福克納名聲大噪。
在藝術(shù)上，福克納受弗洛伊德影響，大膽地大膽地進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)，采用意識(shí)流手法、對(duì)位結(jié)構(gòu)以及象征隱喻等手段表現(xiàn)暴力、兇殺、性變態(tài)心理等，他的作品風(fēng)格千姿百態(tài)、撲朔迷離，讀者須下大功夫才能感受其特有的審美情趣。
1949年，"因?yàn)樗麑?duì)當(dāng)代美國(guó)小說(shuō)作出了強(qiáng)有力的和藝術(shù)上無(wú)與倫比的貢獻(xiàn)"，福克納獲諾貝爾文學(xué)獎(jiǎng)。
Herman Melville 赫爾曼.梅爾維爾 代表作《白鯨》美國(guó)小說(shuō)家、詩(shī)人。
Mark Twain 馬克·吐溫代表作有《湯姆歷險(xiǎn)記》及《頑童歷險(xiǎn)記》美國(guó)幽默大師、作家。
Ezra Pound 龐德 代表作《在一個(gè)地鐵站》。被喻為美國(guó)20世紀(jì)文學(xué)界的鄧小平。
Thomas Stearns Eliot 艾略特,代表作《荒園》， 美國(guó)詩(shī)人。
(Ernest Hemingway l899～1961) 海明威代表作《太陽(yáng)照樣升起》美國(guó)小說(shuō)家
William Faulkner 威廉福克納，代表作《美國(guó)的悲劇》美國(guó)小說(shuō)家。
HUHU累啊！希望能對(duì)你有幫助。
每個(gè)作家都可給你找一大堆,裝不下了.給個(gè)信箱.我發(fā)到你那吧.
mark twain
Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30, 1835 – April 21, 1910), better known by his pen name Mark Twain, was an American humorist, novelist, writer, and lecturer.
Although Twain was confounded by financial and business affairs, his humor and wit were keen, and he enjoyed immense public popularity. At his peak, he was probably the most popular American celebrity of his time. In 1907, crowds at the Jamestown Exposition thronged just to get a glimpse of him. He had dozens of famous friends, including William Dean Howells, Booker T. Washington, Nikola Tesla, Helen Keller, and Henry Huttleston Rogers. Fellow American author William Faulkner is credited with writing that Twain was "the first truly American writer, and all of us since are his heirs." Twain died in 1910 and is buried in Elmira, New York.
Contents [hide]
1 History
1.1 Growing Up
1.2 Roughing it out West
1.3 Pen names
2 Career overview
3 Trivia
4 Epigrams
5 Bibliography
6 References
7 See also
7.1 Works by Mark Twain
7.2 Studying Twain
7.3 Twain's Life
[edit]
History
The Mississippi River at Hannibal, Missouri[edit]
Growing Up
Mark Twain was born in Florida, Missouri on November 30, 1835. When he was four, his family moved to Hannibal, a port town on the Mississippi River which later served as the inspiration for the fictional town of St. Petersberg in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Missouri had been admitted as a slave state in 1821 as part of the Missouri Compromise, and from an early age Twain was exposed to the institution of slavery, a theme which Twain was to later explore in his work. In 1847, when Twain was 11, his father fell ill with pneumonia and died that March. As a teenager Twain worked as an apprentice printer; when he was sixteen, he began writing humorous articles and newspaper sketches. When he was eighteen he left Hannibal, working as a printer in New York, Philadelphia, St. Louis, and Cincinnati. At the age of 22, Twain returned to Missouri and worked as a riverboat pilot and earned $250 which was a "princely amount" back then, until trade was interrupted by the American Civil War in 1861.
[edit]
Roughing it out West
Missouri, although a slave state and considered by many to be part of the South, declined to join the Confederacy and remained loyal to the Union. When the war began, Clemens and his friends formed a Confederate militia (an experience he depicted in his 1885 short story, "The Private History of a Campaign That Failed"), but he saw no military action and the militia disbanded after two weeks. His friends joined the Confederate Army; Clemens joined his brother, Orion, who had been appointed secretary to the territorial governor of Nevada, and headed west. They traveled for more than two weeks on a stagecoach across the Great Plains and the Rocky Mountains to the silver-mining town of Virginia City, Nevada. On the way they visited the polygamous Mormon community in Salt Lake City. Clemens' experiences in the West contributed significantly to his formation as a writer, and became the basis of his second book, Roughing It.
Once in Nevada, Clemens became a miner, hoping to strike it rich discovering silver in the Comstock Lode. He stayed for long periods in camp with his fellow prospectors—another life experience that he later put to literary use. After failing as a miner, Clemens obtained work at a newspaper called the Daily Territorial Enterprise in Virginia City, where he adopted the pen name "Mark Twain" which meant 2 fathoms, or 12 feet.
[edit]
Pen names
Clemens usually maintained that his primary pen name, "Mark Twain," came from his years on the riverboat, where two fathoms (12 ft, approximately 3.7 m) or "safe water" was measured on the sounding line and marked by calling "mark twain". However, the name may also have come from his wilder days in the West, where he would buy two drinks and tell the bartender to "mark twain" on his tab. The complete origin of the pseudonym is unknown.
Clemens is also known to have used the pen of his most famous pen name, Twain himself later wrote:
[Captain Isaiah Sellers] was not of literary turn or capacity, but he used to jot down brief paragraphs of plain practical information about the river, and sign them "MARK TWAIN," and give them to the "New Orleans Picayune." They related to the stage and condition of the river, and were accurate and valuable; and thus far, they contained no poison.
[...]
I burlesqued it broadly, very broadly, stringing my fantastics out to the extent of eight hundred or a thousand words. I was a "cub" at the time. I showed my performance to some pilots, and they eagerly rushed it into print in the "New Orleans True Delta." It was a great pity; for it did nobody any worthy service, and it sent a pang deep into a good man's heart. There was no malice in my rubbish; but it laughed at the captain. It laughed at a man to whom such a thing was new and strange and dreadful. I did not know then, though I do now, that there is no suffering comparable with that which a private person feels when he is for the first time pilloried in print.
[...]
He never printed another paragraph while he lived, and he never again signed Mark Twain to anything. At the time that the telegraph brought the news of his death, I was on the Pacific coast. I was a fresh new journalist, and needed a nom de guerre; so I confiscated the ancient mariner's discarded one, and have done my best to make it remain what it was in his hands—a sign and symbol and warrant that whatever is found in its company may be gambled on as being the petrified truth; how I have succeeded, it would not be modest in me to say.[1]
Regardless of the source of the name, "Mark Twain" was "born" as Clemens' pen name in the office of the Nevada Territorial Enterprise, when Clemens first used the name on an article published on February 3, 1863. Twain wants the reader to see the absurdity in his statement.
[edit]
Career overview
Twain's greatest contribution to American literature is generally considered to be his novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. As Ernest Hemingway once said:
"All modern American literature comes from one book by Mark Twain called Huckleberry Finn. ...all American writing comes from that. There was nothing before. There has been nothing as good since."
Also popular are The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, The Prince and the Pauper, A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court and the non-fiction book Life on the Mississippi.
Beginning as a writer of light, humorous verse, Twain evolved into a grim, almost profane chronicler of the vanities, hypocrisies and murderous acts of mankind. At mid-career, with Huckleberry Finn, he combined rich humor, sturdy narrative and social criticism in a way that is almost unrivaled in world literature.
Twain was a master at rendering colloquial speech, and helped to create and popularize a distinctive American literature built on American themes and language.
Twain in the lab of Nikola Tesla, spring of 1894Twain also had a fascination with science and scientific inquiry. He developed a close and lasting friendship with Nikola Tesla, and the two spent quite a bit of time together (in Tesla's laboratory, among other places). Such fascination can be seen in Twain's book A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court, which features a time traveler from the America of Twain's day, using his knowledge of science to introduce modern technology to Arthurian England. Incidentally this features as an element of inspiration in the popular 1990s science fiction serial Star Trek: The Next Generation Season Five: Last Episode and Season Six: Episode One] 'Time's Arrow' where Twain is encountered and inspired by the arrival of the future Enterprise bridge officers investigating hostile alien interference in Earth's history. Twain also patented an improvement in adjustable and detachable straps for garments.
From 1901 until his death in 1910, Twain was vice president of the American Anti-Imperialist League.[2] The League opposed the annexation of the Philippines by the United States. Twain wrote Incident in the Philippines, posthumously published in 1924, in response to the Moro Crater Massacre, in which six hundred Moros were killed. Many but not all of Mark Twain's neglected and previously uncollected writings on anti-imperialism appeared for the first time in book form in 1992.
In recent years, there have been occasional attempts to ban Huckleberry Finn from various libraries because Twain's use of local color is offensive to some people. Although Twain was against racism and imperialism far ahead of the public sentiment of his time, those who have only superficial familiarity with his work have sometimes condemned it as racist because it accurately depicts language in common use in the 19th-century United States. Expressions that were used casually and unselfconsciously then are often perceived today as racist (today, such racial epithets are far more visible and condemned). Twain himself would probably be amused by these attempts; in 1885, when a library in Massachusetts banned the book, he wrote to his publisher, "They have expelled Huck from their library as 'trash suitable only for the slums', that will sell 25,000 copies for us for sure."
Many of Mark Twain's works have been suppressed at times for various reasons. 1880 saw the publication of an anonymous slim volume entitled 1601: Conversation, as it was by the Social Fireside, in the Time of the Tudors. Twain was among those rumored to be the author, but the issue was not settled until 1906, when Twain acknowledged his literary paternity of this scatological masterpiece.
At least Twain saw 1601 published during his lifetime. During the Philippine-American War, Twain wrote an anti-war article entitled The War Prayer. Through this internal struggle, Twain expresses his opinions of the absurdity of slavery and the importance of following one's personal conscience before the laws of society. It was submitted to Harper's Bazaar for publication, but on March 22, 1905, the magazine rejected the story as "not quite suited to a woman's magazine." Eight days later Twain wrote to his friend Dan Beard, to whom he had read the story, "I don't think the prayer will be published in my time. None but the dead are permitted to tell the truth." Because he had an exclusive contract with Harper & Brothers, Mark Twain could not publish The War Prayer elsewhere; it remained unpublished until 1923.
In later years, Twain's family suppressed some of his work which was especially irreverent toward conventional religion, notably Letters from the Earth, which was not published until 1962. The anti-religious The Mysterious Stranger was published in 1916, although there is some scholarly debate as to whether Twain actually wrote the most familiar version of this story.
Perhaps most controversial of all was Mark Twain's 1879 humorous talk at the Stomach Club in Paris, entitled Some Thoughts on the Science of Onanism, which concluded with the thought, "If you must gamble your lives sexually, don't play a lone hand too much." This talk was not published until 1943, and then only in a limited edition of fifty copies.
[edit]
Trivia
Twain was born and died in years in which Halley's Comet appeared.
In 1906, his daughter Clara Clemens married the Russian-American pianist and conductor Ossip Gabrilowitsch. Clara was a singer who appeared with her husband in recital.
The 1944 biographical film of his life, The Adventures of Mark Twain, featured Fredric March as Clemens and Alexis Smith as his wife Olivia.
Broadway, television & cinema actor Hal Holbrook has been performing his one-man show Mark Twain Tonight ! annually since 1959, with each show somewhat different in Twain content. During the 60th Tony Awards, Holbrook reported that he was purported to be buried near Twain in Woodlawn Cemetery. Holbrook then repeated one of Twain's famous quotes: "The reports of my death are greatly exaggerated."
The Star Trek: The Next Generation episode Time's Arrow featured a fictionalized version of Mark Twain.
Mark Twain`s wife, Olivia Langdon, was known as Livy to her family and friends.
[edit]
Epigrams
This article or section does not cite its references or sources.
You can help Wikipedia by introducing appropriate citations.
"It is better to keep your mouth closed and let people think you are a fool, than to open it and remove all doubt." (cf. Proverbs 12:23, 13:16, 17:18, 29:11, and others)
"I have never let my schooling get in the way of my education."
"Familiarity breeds contempt—and babies."
"Golf is a good walk spoilt."
"It is by the goodness of God that in our country we have those three unspeakably precious things: freedom of speech, freedom of conscience, and the prudence never to practice either of them."
"Truth is our most valuable commodity, so let us economize."
"To create man was a fine and original idea; but to add sheep was a tautology." (notebook, 1902)
"We all do no end of feeling, and we mistake it for thinking. And out of it we get an aggregation which we consider a boon. Its name is public opinion. It is held in reverence. Some think it the voice of God." (Corn-Pone Opinions)
"Never put off until tomorrow that which could be done the day after tomorrow."
"A habit cannot be thrown out the window, it must be coaxed down the stairs one step at a time."
"The human race has one really effective weapon, and that is laughter."
"Clothes make the man. Naked people have little or no influence on society."
"Rumors of my death have been greatly exaggerated."
"The human race is a race of cowards, and I am not only marching in that procession but carrying a banner."
"There are several good protections against temptations, but the surest is cowardice."
"Suppose you were a congressman, and suppose you were an idiot. But I repeat myself."
"Keep away from people who try to belittle your ambitions. Small people always do that, but the really great ones make you feel that you, too, can become great."
"Only one thing is impossible for God: To find any sense in any copyright law on the planet."
"October: This is one of the peculiarly dangerous months to speculate in stocks. The others are July, January, September, April, November, May, March, June, December, August, and February."
"When I, a thoughtful and unblessed Presbyterian, examine the Koran, I know that beyond any question every Mohammedan is insane, not in all things, but in religious matters. When a thoughtful and unblessed Mohammedan examines the Westminster Catechism, he knows that beyond any question I am spiritually insane. I cannot prove to him that he is insane, because you never can prove anything to a lunatic—for that is a part of his insanity and the evidence of it. He cannot prove to me that I am insane, for my mind has the same defect that afflicts his... When I look around me, I am often troubled to see how many people are mad." [3]
The saying "There are three kinds of lies: lies, damned lies, and statistics" is sometimes attributed to Twain. He did not coin the phrase, but he did popularize it in the United States.
"Giving up smoking is the easiest thing in the world. I know because I've done it thousands of times."
"Few things are harder to put up with than the annoyance of a good example."
"Respect your superiors, if you have any."
"Jesus died to save men -- a small thing for an immortal to do, & didn't save many, anyway; but if he had been damned for the race that would have been act of a size proper to a god, & would have saved the whole race. However, why should anybody want to save the human race, or damn it either? Does God want its society? Does Satan?"
"Man is the only animal that blushes. Or needs to."
"When angry count to four, when very angry, swear." -Puddin'head Wilson's Calendar
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Twain
Herman Melville： Moby Dick
Ernest Hemingway: Farewell to Arms
讀了500本書(shū)后,推薦10位你應(yīng)該讀的美國(guó)作家
整個(gè)大學(xué)，讀了261本。畢業(yè)一年半，讀了近200本書(shū)，加之中學(xué)時(shí)期讀了幾十本。算下來(lái)，也是讀過(guò)500本書(shū)的人了。接觸到的各國(guó)作家經(jīng)典作品被我整齊地砌在書(shū)架上。像寶貝，珍藏著。其中，美國(guó)作家的作品尤其多，所以向讀者朋友們推薦在我的閱讀范圍內(nèi)，值得一讀的10位美國(guó)作家。本想表星級(jí)，發(fā)現(xiàn)，下面...
美國(guó)著名科幻小說(shuō)作家及其代表作
美國(guó)著名科幻小說(shuō)作家及其代表作如下：艾薩克阿西莫夫，代表作品：機(jī)器人系列、基地系列、銀河帝國(guó)三部曲。菲利普狄克，代表作品：《高堡奇人》《警員說(shuō)：流吧！我的眼淚》《銀翼殺手》《少數(shù)派報(bào)告》《全面回憶》《記憶裂痕》《心機(jī)掃描》。娥蘇拉勒瑰恩，代表作品：《地海傳說(shuō)》。弗蘭克赫伯特，代表作品：...
寫(xiě)出英國(guó)和美國(guó)的著名作家及其作品
英國(guó) 1.WilliamShakesa<Hamlet>莎士比亞 哈姆雷特 2.charlotte bronte<Hane Eyre>布朗特 簡(jiǎn)愛(ài) 3.Jane Austen<Pride and Prejudice>奧斯汀 傲慢與偏見(jiàn) 4.Dickens,C.<A Tale of Two Cities>狄更斯 遠(yuǎn)大前程
關(guān)于幾個(gè)美國(guó)作家和作品
他以自己的經(jīng)歷披露了當(dāng)權(quán)者的偽善和現(xiàn)實(shí)的殘酷,刻畫(huà)了美國(guó)年輕一代的迷惘情緒,作品中洋溢著對(duì)勞動(dòng)人民的熱愛(ài),在探索藝術(shù)創(chuàng)作的途徑中使現(xiàn)實(shí)主義在開(kāi)放性的兼容并蓄中獲得了新的光采!威廉·福克納 William Faulkner 1897-1962 [美國(guó)] 威廉·福克納(William Faulkner,1897-1962)美國(guó)作家,生于美國(guó)密西西比州新奧爾巴尼...
美國(guó)著名作家作品,只要人名和書(shū)名。
高爾基，偉大的無(wú)產(chǎn)階級(jí)作家，前蘇聯(lián)社會(huì)主義文學(xué)奠基人。著有《高爾基全集》69 卷。其中著名的作品有自傳體三部曲《童年》、《在人間》、《我的大學(xué)》等，《母親》是他的代表作。馬克·吐溫，美國(guó)杰出的批判現(xiàn)實(shí)主義作家，代表作有《鍍金時(shí)代》、《湯姆·索亞歷險(xiǎn)記》、《哈克貝利·費(fèi)恩歷險(xiǎn)記》，晚年...
20世紀(jì)20年代現(xiàn)美國(guó)文學(xué)各大流派的代表作家作品有哪些?
在20世紀(jì)20年代，美國(guó)文學(xué)迎來(lái)了現(xiàn)代主義流派的蓬勃發(fā)展。以下是該時(shí)期不同流派的代表作家及其作品：1. 詩(shī)歌領(lǐng)域，意象派和象征主義等現(xiàn)代主義詩(shī)歌風(fēng)格盛行。詩(shī)人埃茲拉·龐德（Ezra Pound，1885-1973）以其創(chuàng)新的詩(shī)歌風(fēng)格影響深遠(yuǎn)，代表作包括《詩(shī)章》（The Cantos）。2. 戲劇方面，尤金·奧尼爾（Eugene O...
問(wèn)幾個(gè)作家的國(guó)籍和作品
茨威格 奧地利《成功的秘訣》歐亨利 美國(guó)》《麥祺的禮物》
當(dāng)代世界十大文豪 世界十大著名作家
10.丹尼爾·斯蒂爾 丹尼爾·斯蒂爾是于1947年出生，先后發(fā)布了25部作品的美國(guó)通俗文壇最具代表性的暢銷(xiāo)書(shū)作家之一，其中以《愛(ài)之翼》、《巴黎五日》等為其代表作品，作品累計(jì)發(fā)行量達(dá)1億3千萬(wàn)冊(cè)，在福布斯公布的美國(guó)吸金十大女星中，她以3500萬(wàn)美元排在第六位。
英美文學(xué)史上有哪些著名的作家作品?
7. 柯南·道爾是英國(guó)作家，以創(chuàng)作偵探小說(shuō)而聞名，他的代表作品是《福爾摩斯》系列。8. 歐·亨利是美國(guó)著名短篇小說(shuō)家，代表作品有《白菜與國(guó)王》、《四百萬(wàn)》、《命運(yùn)之路》等。9. 杰羅姆·大衛(wèi)·塞林格是美國(guó)作家，他的唯一一本著作是《麥田里的守望者》，在美國(guó)社會(huì)上和文學(xué)界產(chǎn)生了巨大影響。10. ...
英國(guó)和美國(guó)非常著名作家的代表作分別是什么?
Dickens狄更斯 《雙城記》——英國(guó) Mark Twain馬克 吐溫《哈克貝里芬恩歷險(xiǎn)記》——美國(guó)
相關(guān)評(píng)說(shuō)：
奈曼旗半圓： ______ 1 莎士比亞 (英國(guó)) 代表作有四大悲劇《哈姆雷特》《奧賽羅》《李爾王》《麥克白》,四大喜劇《第十二夜》《仲夏夜之夢(mèng)》《威尼斯商人》《無(wú)事生非》2 列夫托爾斯泰 (蘇聯(lián)) 《戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)與和平》《安娜卡列尼娜》3 但丁 (意大利) 《神曲...
奈曼旗半圓： ______[答案] 荷馬史詩(shī)(《伊利昂紀(jì)》和《奧德修紀(jì)》)氣勢(shì)磅礴,是史前社會(huì)的寶貴文獻(xiàn).埃斯庫(kù)羅斯(《被縛的普羅米修斯》[KG*2〗括號(hào)內(nèi)為這位作家的代表作,下同.)、索福克勒斯(《俄狄浦斯王》)和歐里庇得斯(《美狄亞》)的命運(yùn)悲劇是奴隸主民主...
奈曼旗半圓： ______ 一、沈石溪 1、《第七條獵狗》 《第七條獵狗》是作家沈石溪的成名作.這篇短篇小說(shuō),展示了沈石溪非同尋常的講故事的能力.講述的是老獵人召盤(pán)巴和他第七條獵狗的故事. 老獵人闖蕩山林40年,卻得不到一條稱心如意的獵狗,一直引以...
奈曼旗半圓： ______ 美國(guó)現(xiàn)代短篇小說(shuō)之父歐.亨利 歐·亨利是其筆名,原名為威廉·西德尼·波特(William Sydney Porter).美國(guó)著名批判現(xiàn)實(shí)主義作家,世界三大短篇小說(shuō)大師之一.曾被評(píng)論界譽(yù)為曼哈頓桂冠散文作家和美國(guó)現(xiàn)代短篇小說(shuō)之父.他的作品構(gòu)思新穎,語(yǔ)言詼諧,結(jié)局常常出人意外,代表作有小說(shuō)集《白菜與國(guó)王》、《四百萬(wàn)》、《命運(yùn)之路》等.其中一些名篇如《愛(ài)的犧牲》、《警察與贊美詩(shī)》、《帶家具出租的房間》、《賢人的禮物》、《最后一片藤葉》等使他獲得了世界聲譽(yù).
奈曼旗半圓： ______ 你說(shuō)的是加拿大與美國(guó)作家阿瑟.黑利,主要作品《大飯店》《飛機(jī)場(chǎng)》(又譯《航空港》).他與阿瑟.柯南.道爾爵士名字相同,姓不同.
奈曼旗半圓： ______ 經(jīng)典的:《老人與海》 (海明威) 《湯姆索亞歷險(xiǎn)記》(馬克吐溫) 《百萬(wàn)英鎊》 《亂世佳人》 (飄) 含有海明威的作品:《殺人者》、《永別了,武器》,《太陽(yáng)照樣升起》(不是姜文那一部)、《乞力馬扎羅山上的雪》、《有的和沒(méi)有的》,等等. 科幻: 《宇宙威龍》(1990年) 《少數(shù)派報(bào)告》(2002年) 《記憶裂痕》(2003年)
奈曼旗半圓： ______ 《麥田里的守望者》最有名氣,是美國(guó)戰(zhàn)后垮掉一代新路歷程的真實(shí)寫(xiě)照.此外還有《弗蘭妮和祖伊》以及《九故事》都是不錯(cuò)的小說(shuō).可惜的是他寫(xiě)的書(shū)比較少.
奈曼旗半圓： ______ 理查德耶茨,卡弗,福克納馬克吐溫.茨威格,愛(ài)倫坡,杰克倫敦,歐亨利,霍桑神馬的自己找嘛
奈曼旗半圓： ______ 《馬丁伊登》
奈曼旗半圓： ______ 《呼嘯山莊》 艾米莉·勃朗特 下載此書(shū)小說(shuō)描寫(xiě)吉卜賽棄兒希斯克列夫被山莊老主人收養(yǎng)后,因受辱和戀愛(ài)不遂,外出致富,回來(lái)后對(duì)與其女友嘉瑟琳結(jié)婚的地主林頓及其子女進(jìn)行報(bào)復(fù)的故事....
